However, because the reproductive output (F2) of progeny from multiply and singly mated females was not significantly different, we also showed that this fitness advantage is driven by the production of more offspring in the first generation (F1), rather than by elevating the fitness of offspring (second-generation effects).
Divergence on the fitness landscape is driven by the effects of chance and contingency, and is possible even for initially isogenic populations under the same selective conditions [34].
If we worry about obesity because of its impact on health, it may be misguided to focus on one dietary ingredient given that the best predictor of all cause mortality is cardiorespiratory fitness, which is driven by physical activity.
We address the very general question of how the average fitness changes when it is driven by random mutations under frequency dependent selection.
However, such a mutation needs not to result in diminished protein function, as conservation is driven by fitness of the organism, not higher level of protein function.
Rather, the interpandemic evolution of influenza appears to consist of extended intervals of stasis, which are characterized by neutral sequence evolution, punctuated by shorter intervals of rapid fitness increase when evolutionary change is driven by positive selection.
Now, through a combination of simulations and experiments, Momeni et al. have identified two features of spatial patterns in two-population microbial communities when pattern formation is driven by fitness effects related to the ecological interactions between cells.
Introducing the 'free fitness' as the sum of a fitness term and an entropy term and 'evolutionary force' as the gradient of free fitness on a fitness coordinate, we demonstrated that the adaptive walk (=evolution) is driven by the evolutionary force in the direction in which free fitness increases.
The increase of stationary replicator length at extremely low length penalty is driven by the fitness advantage (the decrease of degradation rate and the increase of enzyme activities) due to the more compact structure that longer sequences can acquire.
The effectiveness of these immunologic responses, and hence the fitness of individuals, populations, and species, is driven by pathogen exposure history and the immunogenetic repertoire of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes and non-MHC genes [ 1, 2].
