Sentence examples for fitness imposed from inspiring English sources

In the present study, we have analyzed these mutations and show that 3 of the 6 mutations (in the 3'NTR and NS5A coding sequence) are both necessary and sufficient for a robust, wild-type-like viral replication phenotype in vivo, and thus presumably compensate for a reduction in replication fitness imposed by the chimeric HCV sequences within domain III of the 5'NTR.

These cooperative interactions, i.e. interactions that result in a net gain in swarm fitness, could result from many mechanisms ranging from a negative effect on the competitor's fitness imposed by the group, to a 'division of labor' strategy existing between members of the swarm.

Even if climate means remain constant, increasing amplitude of fluctuations is expected to decrease the mean fitness of populations due an increase in the average deviation from the optimum; this effect is compounded by the fitness costs imposed by adaptation lags when mean climatic conditions are also changing (Lynch and Lande 1993; Bürger and Lynch 1995).

Finally, females of L. leucozonium have an above-average productivity for solitary bees (Constantin et al, unpublished), partially counteracting the fitness reductions imposed by diploid male production [40].

This is an important result, given that the fitness function imposed to evaluate genome performance did not consider gene function.

Thus, subfunctionalization becomes adaptive in response to the selection forces arising from the fitness bottleneck imposed by gene duplication.

Females have physiological and anatomical adaptations, such as the spermalege, which reduces these fitness costs imposed during mating [ 4, 17].

Fitness costs imposed by the activation of JA-mediated defense pathways have been measured by treating plants with JA or by using plants altered in JA production or perception.

This latter mutation was found to be homoplasic as it was also detected in different SCGs, which also points towards the usefulness of this mutation to counteract fitness costs imposed by the acquisition of other RIF resistance associated mutations.

Furthermore, the fitness of resistant mutants is not fixed; evolution is an ongoing process, and a comparison between clinical and laboratory strains carrying the same drug-resistance mutation shows that clinical strains often successfully bypass any fitness cost imposed by resistance [ 45].

Two main approaches have been taken to evaluate the fitness cost imposed on pathogen isolates by mutation to virulence: to determine from population surveys whether virulent isolates decrease in frequency in the absence of the corresponding R-gene [ 21, 12], or to directly determine if inactivation of an avirulence gene implies a fitness penalty [ 22].