Assuming that both dependencies are linear (this is not crucial) and that the cellular states contribute additively to the overall fitness F, we obtain Here the selection coefficient s α is defined as the fitness difference (due to different expression of the downstream gene) between the cases of complete factor binding and no binding in the state α.
It has also been held that trait fitness and fitness difference are both something more than and different from the average of individual fitnesses and fitness differences.
The value of the scaled fitness difference between selective classes which best fits the observed skew for regulatory polymorphisms is 2.1 (95% CI based on the binomial distribution approximately 1.6 2.7).
Specifically, if all cells in the population were equally fit at the time of the sterile mutation, the fitness difference between the steriles and nonsteriles will be approximately constant throughout the duration of the sweep.
Their football was frequently superior and only in the last, anxious minutes did the fitness difference begin to show.
This study proposes an improved version of BBO, Fitness Difference Based BBO (FD-BBO).
As observed from Fig. 3, a highly flexible bioactive ligand showed a maximum fitness difference between the two preparations.
The maximum fitness difference (Δfitness) was caused by a bioactive ligand that showed a highly flexible structure.
Due to the somewhat constrained set of experiments, however, eventually the method shows particularly significant differences to traditional GP mainly at the initial stage of the search, whereas the fitness difference becomes less significant as the search goes on.
By measuring the fitness difference between the wild-type and null alleles of ∼5,000 nonessential genes in yeast, we found that in any given environment, yeast expresses hundreds of genes that harm rather than benefit the organism, demonstrating widespread AP.
Of course, if fitness is a probabilistic propensity, then the fitter among competing organisms will not always leave more offspring, and the theory of natural selection will have to be understood as making the claim that (probabilistic) fitness difference result in reproductive differences not invariably but only with some probability.
