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Finally, in the philosophy of biology, the one-dimensional and multi-dimensional SWFL frameworks have been used (by Okasha 2009 and Bossert, Qi, and Weymark 2013) to analyse the notion of group fitness, defined as a function of individual fitness indicators.
The organisms were characterized by their strategies of interacting with the environment and gathering resources; their fitness, defined as the amount of food gathered, was found to be optimized for an intermediate mutation rate, where the mutation rate represented the rate at which strategy elements were selected from a pool of possible behaviors.
The phenotypic system of model (1) can also be conceptualized as 4 related layers: P(I): metabolites (M) or biochemical traits; P II): component traits (CT); P III): integrated traits (IT); and P(IV): fitness, defined here as differential survival and reproduction.
We estimated inbreeding depression for each fitness component separately and for cumulative fitness defined as: number of seeds produced × proportion germinated × proportion surviving × biomass at 4 weeks.
Fitness, defined as the total number of returning adult offspring, was converted to relative fitness by dividing each individual's RS by the population mean within each season-sex.
Aerobic fitness defined as (VO2peak) ml·kg-1·min-1 was performed on a Woodway treadmill (USA), using the Oslo protocol [ 40].
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A cells fitness, defining its reproductive chances, is the nondecreasing function 2 F P − 1.
Details about the attributes of mutations affecting fitness define central parameters in evolutionary theory and have implications for a number of outstanding questions in evolutionary biology.
Health-related physical fitness is defined as fitness related to some aspect of health.
An organism's inclusive fitness is defined as its personal fitness, plus the sum of its weighted effects on the fitness of every other organism in the population, the weights determined by the coefficient of relationship r.
Each seed is assessed according to its fitness value, which is obtained from the fitness function defined to represent the goodness of the solution.
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