Departing from a reference geometry, the specific methods were (i) oversizing the dovetail tenon part for a tighter fit; (ii) reinforcement with self-tapping screws; (iii) reinforcement with an adhesive layer; and (iv) a combination of adhesive layer and self-tapping screws.
Another minor difference between the tasks was that the whole-brain MIL task results emerged from a parametric model of prediction error based on the fit of a reinforcement-learning model to choice data, whereas the MID task results were based on a simple comparison of gains to nongains (which does not depend on assumptions about subject choice behavior).
Responses on the short, medium, and long levers from and the 90-s probe trials (in which the rat responded on all three levers without reinforcement) were fit separately.
These neural and behavioral data fit with models of reinforcement learning, which highlight the role of striatal regions, including caudate, in neural error signaling of outcomes that are better or worse than expected in learning, so as to maximize rewards over time (for reviews, see Dayan & Balleine, 2002; Montague et al., 2006).
Lesion and control groups' behaviours on the task were then analysed by fitting data with a reinforcement learning model.
Summer reinforcements fitted the Poyet pattern: solid defenders and attacking players whose first instinct is to give the ball to a player in blue and white.
Here, we examined brain responses that correlated with outcome prediction errors computed from a reinforcement learning model, fit to subjects' behaviour during the acquisition phase.
They certainly had a strong enough squad, though Guardiola appears to be acutely aware that City's players have a tendency not to remain fit, hence the need for reinforcements and contingency plans that at this stage of the season appear a little excessive.
The reinforcement learning model fits to the behavioral data provide estimates of the reward prediction error experienced after every choice.
For this test, we individually fitted the parameters of the reinforcement learning model to subjects' choices in the ON and OFF medication condition, comparing the resulting learning rates using a paired t-test.
