The substitution of fishmeal with proteins from plants is becoming a necessity, because high-quality plant proteins are readily available.
Combined, the observed physicochemical properties might contribute to explain reported unique functional properties of fishmeal with positive impact on physical pellet quality and open up the possibility to obtain a satisfactory thermomechanical transformation in the extrusion process at reduced moisture level.
Partly replacing fishmeal with plant proteins significantly increased feed conversion ratio.
Partly replacing fishmeal with plant proteins reduced the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat, phosphorous and several amino acids.
After an 8-week feeding trial, the growth performance, serum osmotic pressure, gill ATPase activity and tissue mineralization of Ca and P of shrimp were significantly negatively affected by the replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal.
Furthermore, the substitution of fishmeal with plant proteins would not eliminate the potential health risk by allergen carry-over since crops of high nutritional value such as legumes also contain important food allergens.
In addition, a positive control (FM) with higher fishmeal level and a negative control (Fla) with 4 mg/kg flavomycin based on Y0 diet were designed.
The feeds were labeled as C, 0, 10, 20 and 30; where C corresponded to the commercial feed while the other four were experimental feeds with a fishmeal content of 0, 100, 200 and 300 g kg− 1.
They were fed daily with a fishmeal based feed [ 21] at 1.5% (w/w) of their body weight every day.
Our previous study showed that a diet containing fishmeal, soymeal with krill meal, and Porphyra was preferentially consumed and sustained opihi life well (Hua and Ako 2012).
