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Translation into Chinese: the original SPQ was firstly translated into Chinese by two bilingual translators independently.
So the performance specifications are firstly translated into open-loop constraints (used for the CRONE controller), and then translated into controller constraints (used for the generalized PID controller).
The questionnaire was firstly translated from English into Chinese by two researchers independently and re-translated from Chinese into English to check the discrepancies by other professional translators.
The basic algorithm firstly translated DNA sequences into proteins, the protein sequences were then aligned, and finally the DNA sequences were aligned on the protein sequences.
Unigenes were firstly translated into amino acids in six frames and aligned with BLASTX to protein databases including NR, Swiss-Prot, KEGG and COG (E-value ≤ 1.0E-5); the protein with highest sequence similarity was retrieved and annotated to each unigene.
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Firstly, two bilingual translators translated the Chinese versions of the four measures into Vietnamese or Indonesian.
Firstly, we compared translated DNA sequences of human and mouse or dog genes using BLAT [ 38].
Therefore, in our approach the textual specifications are firstly linguistically analyzed and translated into a so-called conceptual predesign schema.
Firstly, English questionnaire was translated into Swahili.
The study was carried out in a two-step procedure; firstly, the PCS was translated and cross-culturally adapted; and secondly, the Norwegian PCS was tested for psychometric properties in a cross-sectional design with a 1-week follow-up for test-retest.
Firstly, this announcement translates into equal pay.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com