Paul Jacobson, ocean energy leader for EPRI, says these first-pass estimates are now being updated by a comprehensive national wave energy assessment that EPRI will complete next year, and a national tidal assessment underway at Georgia Tech.
A few years ago, nineteen biologists from around the world set out to give, in their words, a "first pass" estimate of the extinction risk posed by global warming.
In a 2009 paper, Kinney, Ebi, and coauthors published a "first pass" estimate that the United States will need to spend more than $200 million annually to address the health problems associated with climate change.
Although Olshansky stresses that the estimate is "a first-pass approximation," he believes the effect is large enough to demonstrate "that trends in obesity in younger ages will lead to significantly higher rates of mortality in the future--we will lose 2 to 5 or more years [of life expectancy] in the coming decades" if the obesity epidemic continues unchecked.
The observation of rules or tsunami impact patterns can help provide first pass estimates of potential tsunami impacts for comparable locations where modelling is not possible as well as help further our understanding of tsunami behaviour.
Fractions of dose that escape hepatic (Fh) and intestinal (Fg) first-pass metabolism were estimated based on the well-stirred model and the Qgut model, respectively, using CLint obtained as described and CYP3A content values reported by von Richter.
In their study, an estimate of first-pass perfusion using T2*-weighted imaging almost reached a significant difference between benign and malignant tumors.
The method also yields estimates of first-pass extraction by the splanchnic bed, and whole-body flux of Phe.
The method can estimate parameters of first-pass perfusion as well as permeability.
This will increase the area under the first-pass curve proportionally, and mitral regurgitation is therefore accounted for when estimating FSVPET.
For the two-pass SMA it was 40 bp for first-pass and 15 bp for second-pass.
