We have transmissivity of first-time justification only if Pr q) ≤ t.
Since Twins* instantiates the disjunctive template, it is non-transmissive of at least first-time justification.
Much of the extant literature on epistemic transmission concentrates on examples of transmission of first-time justification.
In general, no argument satisfying this template together with a given evidence will be transmissive of first-time justification based on that evidence.
Since M-Fail is just the condition of falsehood of M-Trans, M-Fail provides a formal condition sufficient for non-transmissivity of first-time justification.
Note that s acquires first-time justification for Q2 in Twins only if (i) E2 gives her justification for P2, (ii) s knows that P2 entails Q2 and (iii-ft) s acquires first-time justification for believing Q2 in virtue of (i) and (ii).
M-Trans accounts formally for transmissivity of first-time justification in the sense that any deductive argument with premise p, conclusion q and evidence e is transmissive of first-time justification if and only if M-Trans is non-vacuously true.
Note in fact that s acquires first-time justification for Q2 in this case if and only if (i) s has justification for P2 based on her direct perception that P2, (ii) s knows that P2 entails Q2, and (iii-ft) s acquires first-time justification for believing Q2 in virtue of (i) and (ii).
(3) says that if s had not been antecedently justified in believing q, upon learning e, s would have acquired via transmission a first-time justification for believing q. (3) entails that if q were not antecedently justified for s, e would still justify p for s.
The study's results also provide for the first time empirical justification for accounting researchers to exclude rate-regulated firms from cross-sectional, inter-industry research designs examining discretionary accruals.
We present, for the first time, a theoretical justification for use of torque control, a strategy commonly used in industrial practice to control brushed DC-motors.
