If so, information about the detection of semiochemicals (e.g., pheromones or social cues) might be integrated with more general odor information, though the impact of these interglomerular connections on the physiological output of mitral and/or tufted cells (the second order projection neurons of the olfactory system) remains to be determined.
We used two-photon microscopy to monitor odor-evoked activity in the second order projection neurons (PNs) that receive input from ORNs (Wang et al., 2003).
ORNs expressing the same ORs converge onto the same glomeruli and synapse with second order projection neurons, which relay the olfactory information to higher brain regions (mushroom body calyx and lateral horn) (Jefferis et al., 2007).
(2002) have described the branching patterns of the axons of second order projection neurons (PNs, equivalent to vertebrate mitral cells) in higher olfactory centers: the mushroom body (MB) and lateral horn (LH) of the protocerebrum.
However, loss of both cis and trans signaling in Gfra1 Gfra2 double nulls leads to a significant loss of RA mechanosensory third order projection growth and cell number, suggesting that both cis and trans RET signaling contribute to the development of RA mechanoreceptors.
There is a significant decrease in CFP+ axons innervating the SC in Ret mutants, suggesting that the initial growth of RA mechanosensory third order projections depends on RET signaling.
Gfra1 mutants have no significant deficits in RA mechanosensory third order projections or cell survival at E18.5, indicating that ablating trans signaling alone is not sufficient to disrupt the development of RA mechanoreceptors.
Because of the porosity dependence of the pressure gradient term in the governing flow equations, one cannot use the first-order projection method.
For the classical first-order projection method, it is shown that there is a pressure control which depends on the time step size, and therefore there is a lower bound for this time step for stability reasons.
This paper describes a second-order projection method for variable-density incompressible flows.
Meanwhile, the momentum equations are integrated using a second-order projection scheme.
