From these self assessments, we concluded that all subjects in this study were more proficient and comfortable in their second learned language, English.
Behaviorally, when the second-learned language is the dominant language, it shows a pattern of cross-language priming effects that is similar to when the native language is dominant [34].
It is unclear how these links are mediated in the neural systems that underlie word processing in the two languages and how they change when one becomes more proficient in the second-learned language.
It is possible that although proficiency is the main factor, order of acquisition interacts such that the native language retains much of its representational structure in the brain despite being used less frequently than the second-learned language (and it may even influence second-language representations [35]).
Therefore, the notion of L1 and L2 as first and second languages must be qualified in relation to proficiency, which is a common issue for bilinguals in the United States, particularly those who are second or third generation Americans going to school in English, and who eventually become dominant in their second-learned language.
First, Greek or Arabic texts were translated into the learned language, Latin.
Michael: Our mutual friend Mary Eberstadt has written in her upcoming book, How the West Lost God, that family life is the natural language in which Christian life is first learned and comes alive.
What about the existence of a learned language, or a literary language?
While classical Arabic was still the ideal of the literate, it had become exclusively a "learned" language.
Back in the sixth century AD, the Roman historian Procopius wrote a portrait of the empress Theodora that chronicled, in scabrous detail, her early life as an actress and whore: a career which had featured floor-shows so imaginative that classicists have generally preferred to follow the example of Gibbon, and leave the precise details "veiled in the obscurity of a learned language".
Many first learned how to exploit their voice appeal by working in radio.
