As in the studies performed in China [ 46] and France [ 47], we only considered cancers for which a firmly established association with alcohol consumption exists [ 7].
A study in China considered cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, colon-rectum, liver and larynx, which have a firmly established association with alcohol consumption.
Epidemiological studies have also firmly established associations between risk for breast cancer and other reproductive factors, including nulliparity (having no children) or low parity, late age at first birth, and breast feeding [ 10].
Having firmly established associations between ambient PM and adverse health effects, there has been an enormous effort to identify what it is in ambient PM that affects health information that in turn will inform policy makers how best to legislate for cleaner air.
Therefore, future studies could use a combination of ELISA and immunohistochemical techniques to firmly establish associations between oxPin1and Pin1 granules or NFTs.
While the exact mechanism which links gum disease and cardiovascular disease has not been firmly established, the association between the two disease entities is cause for concern.
Even though many epidemiologic studies have firmly established the association between periodontal disease and various systemic diseases (Demmer and Desvarieux 2006; Loe 1994), the nature and relevance of this association is still questionable (Paquette 2002).
Since Weinberg and colleagues (Mani et al, 2008) reported empirical evidence connecting EMT to generation of CSCs, increasing studies have firmly established the phenotypic association between EMT and CSCs (Morel et al, 2008; Liu et al, 2009; Fang et al, 2011; Chen et al, 2012; Devarajan et al, 2012; Oliveras-Ferraros et al, 2012; Balanis et al, 2013; Kim et al, 2013; Nguyen et al, 2013).
To firmly establish the association between the FTO locus and obesity susceptibility in East and South Asians and to assess its effect size and potential heterogeneity across Asian populations, we performed a systematic meta-analysis of data from 32 populations, including 96,551 men and women, using standardised study-specific association analyses.
Incident delirium following hip fracture is associated with an increased risk of dementia in the following months, but it is still not firmly established whether this is an association or a causal relationship.
However, none of these associations are firmly established.
