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We decided to use the TOEFL iBT test as a criterion against which the TEAP test was compared, because it is a well-established measure of the four skills of English proficiency in an academic setting, with firm validity evidence reported (e.g., Chapelle et al. 2008; Educational Testing Service 2015c).
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The use of an external professional research firm improved validity and reliability through several levels of quality control in the data collection process.
(Left to their own devices, people tend to create tests that are either too risky or so tentative that they don't actually challenge the assumption and in fact reaf-firm its validity). After conferring with a partner, John, for instance, volunteered to join a short-term committee looking at his department's process for evaluating new product ideas.
Big court fights between large pharmaceutical companies and smaller generic-drug firms over the validity of a slate of patents are increasingly common.
The microarray analysis provides firm support for the validity of this system as a model of human Ewing's sarcoma.
However, the lack of countries in our dataset with mean region sizes lying between those in Germany (2.3 million) and Italy (1.3 million) makes us wary of drawing a firm conclusion on the validity of the link between health inequalities and mean region size at this scale.
The most important limitation of this study, and perhaps the most important finding, was the high proportion of medical records with missing information on several of the examined processes of care, which made it difficult to draw firm conclusions about the validity of the data recorded in the DNIP.
(Counsel for Bambino emphasised the "separateness" between Mr Ecclestone and Bambino, which are not synonymous).The banks, which own 75% of the F1 firms, were challenging the validity of the appointment by Bambino in October 2002 of the two Swiss lawyers to the board of Formula One Holdings (FOH), the immediate shareholder of Formula One Administration (FOA), F1's key operating firm.
Mr. Leiser reiterated his confidence in the validity of the firm's telephone test, in which American had the longest wait time of 10 major airlines — more than 90 minutes.
Taryn: You downplayed Dro's open marriage in the first episode and now you're downplaying the value and validity of this firm.
First, the internal validity is good firm because it is a cluster RCT with postponed informed consent, limiting the risk of response bias in both groups.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com