Support was found for horizontal (intra-industry) productivity spillovers and vertical (inter-industry) technology spillovers from foreign firms in upstream sectors to local firms in downstream sectors in the case of Kenya and Zimbabwe.
One expert concluded that the Snezhinsk firm was "just upstream of a waterfall," says delegation member Ken Ames of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington.
This paper explores a pathway to commercializing user innovations hitherto not studied, namely, the vertical diversification of a user firm into an upstream industry supplying capital goods, and subsequent coexistence of user and manufacturing units.
Upstream, firms that once used to flare off gas as a useless by-product of oil exploration are now looking for ways to get it to market.
The firms at the upstream end of those pipelines, such as Russia's Gazprom, which supplies a quarter of all western Europe's gas, thus have a strong hand in negotiations.
For big, successful start-ups, these are also good times, in that the large venture capital firms are moving upstream into what would once have been considered private equity territory, with financing rounds in the nine figures.
To avoid losing too much ground to in-house lawyers, law firms will move upstream toward higher-value (and cost) services.
In this multiple-case study, we explore why and how firms within the upstream Canadian oil industry have evolved to apply open innovation model over time to deal with the industry's challenges.
This article develops the literature by casting the analysis in the context of a vertically related industry, where both downstream firms and their upstream suppliers can form horizontal R&D networks.
Voser brushed aside suggestions he might be interested in taking over BP, saying Shell had "more than enough on its plate", and expressed no enthusiasm for plans being prepared by US rival ConocoPhillips, and also under consideration at BP, to split the business into two companies: one upstream exploration firm, the other a downstream refining operation.
