As a benchmark, Table 11 shows the (biased) OLS estimates for the three countries, which reveals the same patterns as for micro firms: negative correlations in Spain and positive correlations in France and the UK.
For instance, in a study based on German manufacturing firms, a negative correlation was identified between the stake of the largest shareholder and export intensity (Oesterle et al., 2013).
Nevertheless, firm size shows a significant negative correlation with SHTBNK (at the 1% level) and it is not significantly correlated with ACCPAY.
Not only do they appear to underpin the precipitous decline in US unionism, for example, Hirsch (1991) finds a negative correlation between firm profitability in the late 1970s and subsequent changes in union density between 1977 and 1987, they also threaten the very existence of private-sector unions.
While Hirsch et al. ([2012]) find a negative correlation between firms' self-assessment on product market competition and the unexplained gender pay gap in West Germany, Belfield and Heywood ([2006]) document a negative link for the U.K. that is more pronounced in the non-unionised sector.
In New Zealand, 40%to50%0% of small businesses failed within the first 10 years, and a negative correlation was found between a firm's total full-time employment and its failure rate (Ministry of Economic Development [2004]).
Based on a sample of 2022 firms and 10,755 firm-year observations for the period 1993 2010, Gao and Zang (2015) recently found a negative correlation between CSR and earnings smoothness, suggesting that socially responsible firms reduce or avoid EM through discretionary smoothing.
Although the number of sites and the time used for the analysis do not allow firm conclusions, the daily average wind speed showed a negative correlation with daily mean concentration of NO2 at the stations measured by the CETESB as shown in Figure 6 (r = -0.63, p = 0.05).
Regression analyses of these data point at a negative correlation between turnover and CVT incidence for firms with low skill needs (i.e. firms employing workers without a formal vocational qualification).
Regression analyses of these data point at a negative correlation between turnover and CVT incidence in firms with presumably low skill needs (i.e. firms employing workers with no formal vocational education).
