Sentence examples for fire surface from inspiring English sources

Although the original theory was based on a 2D pool fire model, the mechanism revealed is equally applicable in more general 3D tunnel fires with blockage and fire surface elevation.

As especially observed during the 2004 Alaska fire season, huge wildfires drastically alter land cover leading to a change in the dynamic (roughness length), radiative (albedo, emissivity), vegetative (vegetation type and fraction, stomatal resistance), thermal (soil heating, thawing of permafrost), and hydrological (water loss due to the fire) surface characteristics.

As part of the exercises, aircraft were to shoot at ground and air-based targets at newly opened testing grounds near Ukraine's south-east border, while air defence forces were to fire surface-to-air missiles near Astrakhan next to the Caspian Sea, the defence ministry said in a statement.

It would fire surface-to-surface missiles at every oil facility within range, wreaking devastation in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states while removing millions of barrels of oil a day from the world markets.

Notably, hydrogeological setting influenced the spatial coverage of these post-fire surface covers by influencing pre-fire WTs and stand characteristics (e.g., shading).

Fire severity and burn patchiness are frequently cited as important to post-fire surface runoff and erosion, yet few studies quantify their effects.

Moreover, hydrogeological setting also controlled post-fire WT positions, thereby affecting moss re-establishment in post-fire surface covers that were dependent on WT position (e.g., lightly burned S. fuscum).

Therefore, we argue that hydrogeological setting influences post-fire recovery in two ways: (1) by influencing vegetation structure prior to wildfire, thereby controlling the coverage of post-fire surface covers and (2) by influencing post-fire WT positions.

We analyzed high spatial resolution (2.4 m pixel size) Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data collected over the Cerro Grande fire, to map post-fire surface cover into 10 classes, including ash, soil minerals, scorched conifer trees, and green vegetation.

In a comparison of AVIRIS surface cover to the Burned Area Emergency Rehabilitation (BAER) map of burn severity, the BAER high burn severity areas did not capture the variable patterns of post-fire surface cover by ash, soil, and scorched conifer trees seen in the AVIRIS map.

Each of five mortality scenarios had an associated set of combustion factors that were applied to pre-fire surface carbon pools (fine woody debris, coarse woody debris, litter and duff) to differentiate between the impact of less and more severe wildfire on stand carbon storage (see Additional file 1 for rates).