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Fire suppression is only part of the problem.
"The primary cause of fire suppression is not the guys in yellow jackets, it's the cows," he said.
But big-time fire suppression is like war -- federally financed, whatever the expense -- with bulldozers, helicopters, planes and legions of foot soldiers.
However, an ecological field study suggests that fire suppression is leading to increased fuel loads, especially in ecologically significant boundaries between grasslands and forest.
However, in conservation areas, fire suppression is promoted to avoid wildfires; whereas domestic livestock grazing is considered a strong interfering factor for tree establishment, due to trampling and browsing.
"One hundred years of fire suppression is building fuel beds," Tunnell said.
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In the eastern U.S., fire suppression was sufficient to produce a simulated carbon sink only with both the high CO2 response and emission rate.
In the 1900s, when the U.S. Forest Service and other agencies were developed, they had a whole debate about how they were going to deal with fires, but fire suppression was really the policy that emerged.
By ten years from now, the agency's expenditures for fighting wildfires as they flare up — dubbed fire suppression — are projected to increase from just under $1.1 billion in 2014 to nearly $1.8 billion.
Fire suppression also led to distinct changes in species abundance; the pine and oak pine forests which used to dominate the study area prior to fire suppression were replaced by mixed-oak forests.
Finally, when spray activation occurred in hotter environments, probably requiring a combination of fuel cooling and flame cooling effects, fire suppression was predicted but with an over-estimated duration.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com