Pairwise comparison (Table 5) showed six post-fire species were significantly affected by herbivory.
Our mitogenome data for three fire ant species belonging to two species groups [ 19, 20] also provides insights into mitogenome evolution at lower taxonomic levels.
Thinning followed by prescribed fire increased species richness, particularly in areas where species richness was low initially.
Fire-resistant seeds and reserve shoots that sprout after a fire encourage species preservation, as embodied by pioneer species.
While our data set reveals considerable paraphyly and polyphyly of S. invicta sequences with respect to those of other fire ant species, the b-like alleles of the socially polymorphic species are monophyletic.
First, the monophyletic b-like alleles are restricted to a clade of six South American fire ant species that display the monogyne-polygyne polymorphism (this group of species, which includes S. invicta, is informally termed the socially polymorphic clade).
The whitebark pine proved more resilient than other trees after periodic fires; without the fires, other species began to encroach on its habitat.
Jack pine is a fire adapted species considered to regenerate well after fires of all severities.
External threats from agricultural intensification, fire encroachment, species invasion and illegal harvesting present major conservation challenges in isolated tropical forest remnants.
The explanation for low ACD in the low-altitude forests is most probably related to humans, because many areas have been modified through clearing, fire, invasive species, and logging, leaving a patchy distribution of undisturbed forests.
Although wildfires may promote the regeneration of some fire adapted species, severe wildfire may cause temporary or permanent shifts in the structure or composition of vegetation communities [32, 35 37].
