The relative risk for debris flow hazard for each fire-affected drainage basins was determined by combining the probabilities of occurrence and size (Staley [2013]).
However, this area is threatened by fires and drainage, as are many of the peat swamp forests in Kalimantan.
Following European settlement, the region was systematically altered through drainage, fire exclusion, urban development, and row-crop agriculture.
However, there are some other perturbations such as fires, floods, and drainage of sewage which are not suitable to be considered continuous.
Debris flow risk was only assessed for those elements-at-risk where pre-fire vegetation within the drainage basins was significantly altered by the fire and coincided with evidence of past debris flow activity (De Graff and Lewis [1989]).
Peat swamp conversion requires extensive drainage, and fire is often used to open land and remove undesired biomass to prepare for planting.
Fire officers said the drainage system was unable to cope with the amount of rain that had fallen but water had only entered one home so far.
Of the landscape variables, soil drainage and fire exposure had the strongest biome-specific associations: most Grassland occurred on seasonally waterlogged soils and Renosterveld on moderately drained soils.
The Capital Projects Fund is used to acquire land and facilities, and improve public facilities, including roads, bike paths, fire stations, vehicle replacement, drainage improvements, and park development.
g Includes emissions originating from deforestation, degradation, peat land decomposition from drainage and fires; data from [59 61].
