The issue of finite sample reliability focuses on controlling the size of the score test using (i) different variance estimators in conjunction with standard asymptotic theory, (ii) finite sample corrections obtainable from higher-order asymptotic analysis, and (iii) bootstrap procedures.
The standard errors (robust to heteroskedasticity and arbitrary patterns of autocorrelation within individuals) are reported in parentheses using the Windmeijer (2005) finite-sample correction.
Windmeijer [ 46] developed a finite-sample correction to the two-step covariance matrix, which makes the two-step method more efficient than the one-step method.
This section estimates the price elasticity of electricity demand in both the industrial and commercial sectors using the two-step GMM (Arellano Bond) estimator with finite sample variance correction, as proposed by Windmeijer (2005).
Both surface contact area and finite sample thickness corrections were performed offline on the HarmoniX and Peakforce QNM data, see Table 1 which results in higher values.
Model probabilities are calculated using the fraction of members that predict the event, with a correction for finite sample size [ Wilks, 2006].
Acceptance or rejection of the alternative model is tested using a likelihood-ratio test, but we also include values of the Akaike Information Criterion with a correction for finite sample size (AICc) as measures of fit of the null model and the alternative model, respectively.
Available solutions from the literature were used to obtain correction factors for finite sample depth.
Akaike information criterion with a correction (AICc) for finite sample sizes, equalled 78.4.
Large undefined Ne estimates occur when the correction due to finite sample size r ^ s a m p l e 2 is greater than r ^ 2, resulting in a negative Ne estimate.
