Design and planning of petroleum supply chains (PSC) present significant opportunity as financial crunches and variability in crude oil prices continue augmenting volatility among the petroleum product prices, costs, margins and demand.
To control for such variability in financial capacity, we include a measure of fiscal dependence, budget dependence on common fund.
"Challenges were compounded by the unusually high speed and depth of cross-country interconnections between real and financial developments, the increased variability of economic growth compared with the pre-crisis period, the lack of timely data on many important financial factors, and the limited understanding of macro-financial linkages," it said.
Mike Farrar, chief executive of the NHS Confederation, which represents health managers, said: "The government must now give the NHS some clarity and enable it to focus on the major problems it faces such as financial pressure and the variability of care.
According to Cardille et al. [ 2002], census officials report that crop planted area is reliable for the census date, particularly for farmers having access to formal financial aid, although interannual variability of crop areas can be high compared to pasture areas which are more stable.
The financial impact of coding Subjectivity, Variability and Error (SVE) was assessed by reference to national tariffs.
By 2050 the economic impact of extreme events and climatic variability is projected to increase financial losses by factors up to 3.9 times those currently experienced (Preston 2013).
This work quantifies the financial impact of the mean and the variability of production and shipping lead times on multi-echelon supply chains.
This approach has helped reduce variability, and improved throughput and financial performance.
Smallholder's adaptive capacity indicated a dynamic community with a higher scale of readiness to make requisite adjustments against climate variability and its associated impacts, given financial, technical and social support.
