BMP signaling is initiated by binding to receptor, propagated by the phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 complex, and finally translocated into the nucleus to regulate the transcription of target genes.
Wnt signals block GSK3beta activity, resulting in the accumulation of non-phosphorylated beta-catenin (NPBC), which is finally translocated to the nucleus (Noort et al, 2002; Staal et al, 2002).
P is primarily concentrated in the leaves at the tillering stage, moves to and accumulates in the stems during node elongation until the booting stage, and finally translocate to the panicles where it localizes mostly in the seeds at maturity (Delin and Zhaomin 1996).
Metal nanoparticles available in aqueous medium or soil matrix may move through the symplastic or apoplastic region to penetrate the epidermis of roots, pass through the cortex, and finally translocate and distribute to the stems and leaves via the xylem and phloem [33, 34].
Jaks then tyrosine-phosphorylate receptor-bound STATs so that active STAT dimers can finally translocate to the nucleus where they initiate transcription by binding to response elements in the promoter of a target gene [40].
The TNF-α-induced JNK and NF-κB pathways bifurcate at the level of TRAF2, where MLK3 interacts with TRAF2 upon TNF-α stimulation and phosphorylates MKK4 and MKK7 (two MAPKK members in JNK pathway) to phosphorylate and activate downstream JNK that finally translocates to the nucleus and regulate AP1-mediated transcription.
Upon cytokine stimulation, these proteins become phosphorylated by kinases, such as janus activated kinases (JAKs), associate with the cytoplasmic part of the cytokine receptor, form homo- or heterodimers and, finally, translocate to the nucleus where they bind to specific DNA elements and directly regulate transcription [ 3, 4].
The Smad protein will then bind to a common mediator Smad (Co-Smad) to form complexes, which will finally be translocated into the nucleus and act as transcriptional regulators.
Finally, in normal circumstances, translocated microorganisms are easily phagocytized and removed by intestinal macrophages.
Finally, the heterodimer is translocated to the nucleus and activates the transcription of various target genes including Bcl-2, IL-6, and TNF [ 38].
Finally, the tRNAPro gene was translocated immediately 5' to the tRNAPhe gene in two representatives from Agaminae (P. sinaitus and X. taylori)[ 26].
