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Moreover, these methods can reduce the stress, but they do not reduce the final shrinkage of the material [3 6].
The mold was then closed and immersed in a mixture of water and ice to avoid excess foam expansion which may lead to the final shrinkage.
The least upper bound of T is chosen in this article as the final shrinkage threshold: T = 6 R N (24).
The only difference is that the method of Silfwerbrand is a one-step calculation i.e. a single stress value is calculated based on the final shrinkage whereas the method of Carlsward is an incremental procedure.
The contribution of grain boundary diffusion to the final shrinkage increased with increasing ratio of grain boundary diffusion coefficient to surface diffusion coefficient and the ratio of grain boundary energy to surface energy.
Thus, the different final shrinkage strains for the resins may have been mainly due to the different concentrations of the chemical initiation system (BPO/amine) in the resins [ 4, 18].
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Specimens mixed at 1.0 1.0 P/L ratio, with increasing amounts of BPO and amine resulted in higher final shrinkage-strain values, indicative of more complete polymerisation.
In these formulations, final shrinkage-strain values correlated positively with P/L ratios, rather than negatively, as would be expected from fully polymerised material.
When an additional 1.0% BPO was added in the powder, final shrinkage-strain values correlated negatively rather than positively, with P/L ratio for both products, except at ratio 1.0 1.0.
On the contrary, when an additional 1.0% BPO was added in the powder, the final shrinkage-strain values correlated negatively with the P/ L ratio [ 4].
In such a case, changes in the amounts of the BPO initiator in the powder and amine coinitiator in the liquid can lead to changes in the rate of polymerization and, therefore, the final shrinkage-strain values [ 21].
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