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As a model reaction oxidation of formic acid by Pt catalyst deposited in the ceramic membrane filtration layer was used.
Sintering at 645 °C for 10 min leads to the fabrication of superhydrophilic filtration layer with a water contact angle of 8°.
Different designs and operation conditions of SRDB pilot-scales were tested on system efficiencies such as the top filtration layer (sand or compost) and the organic load (30 and 50 kg SS m−2 y−1).
Superhydrophilic membranes have great advantages in the case of high filtration performance (depending on the low resistance to water flow) and supplied capillary pressure (depending on the hydrophilic nature of the filtration layer).
It was also shown that partition coefficient of formic acid in the membrane filtration layer is higher than 1, otherwise formic acid could not migrate to the reaction zone.
It was determined from gas liquid mass transport experiments that at gas side overpressures from 0.5 to 0.9 bar the liquid was displaced from membrane support layer and that the tortuosity factor of membrane filtration layer is 3.1.
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To enhance denitrification, the treatment performance of MLCW was also tested under partially saturated conditions, when the third and fourth filtration layers were saturated with water.
Cylindrical, glassy ceramic filters with multilayer compaction, consisting of filtration layers of varied pore sizes on granular assemblies with specific interlayers, were shaped by a fine particle migration phenomenon during slip casting.
A four-layer vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) in which four filtration layers were coupled with three subsurface superficial spaces (SSS) was designed, so that the land needed for a VFCW can decrease to one-fourth as large as a conventional single-layer VFCW.
It should be noted that the solvent-insoluble part (about 5%) and soluble oligomer fraction were removed via filtration through Celite layer and via washing with acetone, respectively.
However, the best leaf protein rejection was obtained by DRDM, because of high shear rate and "secondary filtration" of fouling layer created by closed flow channel structure.
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