The treatment of cell-free filtrate (positive control) did not show any significant decrease in the biofilm formation.
(a) Photograph of 1 mM AgNO3 solution without cell filtrate (1, control), mycelia-free cell filtrate of M. phaseolina (2), and 1 mM AgNO3 with cell filtrate after 24-h incubation at 28°C (3).
However, this solution would also assess the toxicity of impurities or ions released into the test media similarly to the filtrate only control described earlier.
As will be discussed in a later section, a filtrate-only control may be helpful for assessing the toxicity of released compounds from ENMs; a summary of all potential control experiments is provided in Table 2.
In this method, chemically modified graphene (CMG) was mixed with polystyrene (PS) beads, and vacuum filtrated under controlled pH conditions to prevent agglomeration and form continuous composite films [43].
The higher signal in the filtrate compared to control AβO sample (not subjected to filtration) is likely due to an error associated with volume correction after concentration of the sample on the membrane during centrifugal filtration.
The growth of the filter cake and filtrate flow are controlled by the blocking and erosive action of the mud stream.
The toxicity assessment of crude culture filtrates and abiotic control samples was conducted using lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa).
PCR-DGGE profile of 18S rDNA of soil treated with water (control), culture filtrate, PBSA film and water, and PBSA film and culture filtrate.
The treatment groups were vaccine 1 (Dvaccine), vaccine 2 (Dvaccine), vaccine 3 (DV2ΔLIG), negative control (cell filtrate with diluent), and positive control (DV2 strain S16803 live-attenuated virus [LAV], primary dog kidney 50 passage).
