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They reach for identities and forms of labour that evoke professional careers, social mobility and figures of success.
Pharmacists, like other figures of success who came after them, appear to have been agile in entering and occupying new niches of opportunity (Banégas and Warnier 2001).
Tightly entwined with an expanding state through subsidies and employment in the post-independence decades, Senegalese pharmacists once embodied figures of success associated with responsibility for public health and national development (Tousignant 2013a).
Other young Dakaroises are 'ready to sacrifice anything, including morality' to gain access to the pervasive but exclusionary consumer culture commanded by these new figures of success, such as the star or the migrant; turning themselves into figures of cunning, trendiness and seduction (Nyamnjoh 2005).
The introduction to a special issue of Politique africaine on 'Figures of success and political imaginaries' opens by stating that the figure of the functionary – salaried, state-employed and formally educated – has lost its value as an image of modern, urbane, social and material achievement (Banégas and Warnier 2001; see also Nyamnjoh 2005).
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Against this backdrop of obsolete and novel ways of 'making it' in Senegal, the pharmacist appears as a remarkably durable figure of success with a stable urban presence.
In Senegal, a prominent new figure of success is that of the moodu moodu, an urban merchant who now asserts his previously stigmatized rural origins, moves easily in transnational commercial and financial networks, and operates in the 'interstices of … illegality' (Banégas and Warnier 2001: 8).
Many will never run their own pharmacies, and many pharmacies have trouble making ends meet; and yet the pharmacist as an independent businessperson or a slick 'rep' is seen as a figure of success in post-adjustment Senegal, a 'winner' in the reorientation of opportunities and obligations.
Studies of African cities, youth and new 'figures of success' have emphasized inventiveness, adaptability and individualization as responses to economic, social and political change.
Figure 5 Probability of success versus number of snapshots.
Figure 4 Probability of success versus SNR.
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