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Transient hydration, thermal and stress fields were calculated using a coupled thermo-chemo-mechanical model.
The Lennard-Jones potential and coulomb potential energy which represent, respectively steric and electrostatic fields, were calculated using the TRIPOS force fields.
FE mechanical fields were calculated using two types of boundary conditions: the displacements measured by DIC, and the average of the displacements measured by DIC.
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The diffusion and elastic fields are calculated using the boundary integral method, together with a small scale preconditioner to remove ill-conditioning.
For this purpose, we have used a phase field model of an elastically inhomogeneous alloy; elastic stress and strain fields are calculated using a method adapted from the homogenization literature.
With BEM, the conductivity within each compartment of the head is assumed to be constant, and surfaces of the compartments (e.g., scalp, outer-skull, and inner-skull surfaces extracted from the 3D volumetric MRI) are tessellated with ~5000 small triangles per surface (boundary elements); forward magnetic fields are calculated using this realistically shaped head model (Mosher et al. 1999).
The air concentrations of NH3 at two heights (2 and 6 m from the ground surface) were measured using a filter-pack method, and the exchange fluxes of NH3 of the whole paddy field were calculated using a gradient method.
Distance travelled, average speed and time spent in the central (inner square 33 x 33 cm) versus peripheral zones of the open field were calculated using the ANY-maze software [ 44].
In "Self-field calculation and steady-state orbits in the presence of self-fields", self-fields are calculated using Poisson's equation and Ampere's law.
The H field is calculated using the curl operator in Eqs.
The electric field was calculated using the RF module in COMSOL Multiphysics.
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