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In a gauge theory there is a group of transformations of the field variables (gauge transformations) that leaves the basic physics of the quantum field unchanged.
The secant stiffness matrix is separated into three parts, i.e., (i) linear stiffness matrix independent of field variables, (ii) non-linear stiffness matrix depending linearly on field variables and (iii) non-linear matrix depending quadratically on field variables.
The field variables are particle velocity ({upsilon _i}): three components) and stress ({tau _{ij}}): six components).
turn out to be suitable field variables for constructing a statistically averaged theory of dislocation kinematics.
Field variables in the homogenized composites are compared to the ones in heterogeneous composites.
In particular, Taylor's expansion theorem is employed to model the variations of field variables with time.
The standard primal formulation adopts displacements and rotations as unknown field variables.
The field variables and the mapping function are determined simultaneously using Picard-type iteration.
The approximate field variables are selected such that all equilibrium equations hold in strong form.
The method allows a very accurate prediction of the field variables.
The assembled equations form an eigenvalue problem and are solved for the unknown field variables.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com