Any move toward full-field tillage and sowing would have made easily established annuals much more attractive.
Secondly, on several farmlands, CA was checked against plain tillage (PT) for values of field-saturated infiltration rates, soil organic carbon, runoff and soil loss.
The order of continuity and connectivity degree for the macropore system from highest to lowest was alfalfa field, conservation tillage field, uncultivated field, and conventional tillage field.
Based on the interpretation of micro-topographic shadows, this new procedure is primarily designed for use in the field after tillage.
In agricultural fields, soil tillage may influence both the average earthworm abundance as well as the spatial distribution of earthworms.
Plot experiments to study tillage-induced [Plow tillage (PL) and minimum tillage (MT)] and management-induced [Integrated farming (IF) and Organic farming (OF)] changes to the systems were set up in two adjacent fields, with the same soil formation and basic soil properties.
Yields were determined for the three fields under each tillage system, each field with four non-randomized replicates, before harvest in 2013.
Soil carbon (C) is crucial for maintaining soil functions, and it increases after conversion of an agricultural field from conventional tillage management to no-tillage management due to decreasing human-induced soil disturbance and the modification of soil structure through ecosystem engineers such as earthworms.
Therefore we studied the abundance and spatial pattern of the different ecological earthworm types, i.e. endogeic, epigeic and anecic earthworms, in four agricultural fields differing in soil tillage (two fields with regular tillage and two fields with conservation tillage) and surrounding land use (other cropped fields or apple orchard and forest).
The present study suggests that local governments and farmers would prefer alfalfa field and conservation tillage field to other management measures.
