A book of his photographs, Out of the Sixties, was published in 1988, but a thriller he started to direct the same year, Backtrack, starring Jodie Foster, proved problematic, and after extensive re-editing, was released in 1991 as Catchfire, with the fictitious 'Alan Smithee' credited as director.
In a piece published at the start of the financial crisis, the late political essayist Peter Gowan called it "Wall Street's Guantánamo", the place where the likes of Lehman Brothers could escape the relative rigours of US law and fully indulge in the fictitious capital of credit default swaps and collateralised debt obligations.
Defortuna remarked, "The availability of credit causes a fictitious buyer". "The higher the deposit required by the developer, the more likely the buyer will close," stated Rosso.
When the banks realised a large proportion of their assets were fictitious, there was a panic (the credit crunch).
Everything is set to an ethereal tune by Cat's Eyes that give the inaugural sequence a foreboding weight, which is offset by little gestures of playfulness, such as a fictitious "perfume by Je suis Gizella" credit (it's probably not a real perfume company, however, there was a real Gisela of Burgundy).
"Will it change when we create some kind of fictitious marketplace?" asked Mr. Sukhdev, referring to trading credits to combat biodiversity loss.
Instructional costs could be reasonably measured by the somewhat fictitious full-time equivalent, a student who takes 30 credits per year or 15 credits per semester.
Sure enough, modern historical events from the Great Depression to the dot-com bubble can be traced back to what Marx termed "fictitious capital" -- financial instruments like stocks and credit-default swaps.
Adaptation also adds a number of fictitious elements, including Kaufman's twin brother (also credited as a writer for the film) and a romance between Orlean and Laroche, and culminates in completely invented events including fictional versions of Orlean and Laroche three years after the events related in The Orchid Thief, Kaufman and his fictional twin brother.
Susan Orlean was played by Meryl Streep, while Nicholas Cage played both Charlie Kaufman and his fictitious twin brother, Donald Kaufman, who was given a cowriting credit on Adaptation's screenplay; as a result, both Kaufman and his nonexistent brother were nominated in 2003 for an Oscar for best adapted screenplay.
