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In summary, endoderm-associated gene expression (SOX17, FOXA2) was induced by Activin + FGF, whereas mesoderm-associated gene expression (TBX6) was induced by BMP + FGF in hESCs, in EpiSCs, and in late epiblast outgrowths.
41 No data exist regarding the production of FGF in the lungs of patients with IPF, but expression of FGF-2 mRNA was reported to be upregulated in the lungs of BLM-treated mice.
Subsequently, the process of delivering fibroblast growth factor (FGF) in hydrogel network could be precisely controlled due to CS molecules' affinity interactions with FGF.
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and retinoic acid signalling are also implicated in Cdx gene function [ 34], with a key role for FGF in activating Cdx genes in mesoderm [ 35– 35].
A drug-laden sphere "looks like a golf ball with FGF in the little dents," says Ito.
We investigated if there is a general role for FGF in regulation of dorsal gene expression.
A widespread requirement for FGF in regulating genes expressed in the Spemann organizer is revealed.
These results suggested that the phosphorylation-defective form of FLRT1 emulated the action of FGF in activating ERK signalling.
Indeed, a requirement for FGF in neural induction in addition to BMP inhibition was suggested by experiments in Xenopus [30] [32], [66] as well as chick [35], [67].
Mouse fibroblasts carrying MAPK phosphorylation-resistant Smad1 (by homologous knock-in recombination) are resistant to the inhibitory effects of FGF in a BMP reporter assay [4].
We show that both DUSP5 and MKP1 inhibit FGF dependent ERK/MAP kinase phosphorylation and mesoderm formation induced by FGF in Xenopus tissues.
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