By 'pragmatic' and 'simple' we are referring to studies that are designed to test effectiveness, have few endpoints and broad eligibility criteria, thereby increasing external validity.
Except for alpha-FP kinetic in hepatocellular carcinoma (13%) and CA19-9 decline (6%) in pancreas, few endpoints based on biological or tumour markers were proposed.
For discontinuation of combinations of oestrogen and progestogen and for the category "other HRT," calculations were limited owing to very few endpoints (table 3, fig 2).
Similar analyses have been described in the literature for the biosimilar filgrastim XM02, although fewer endpoints were reported [ 24].
When not specified in the summary or publication, all endpoints were designated as primary if there were three or fewer endpoints.
Patients with CKD stage 1 and 2 at kidney biopsy had fewer endpoints compared to patients with a GFR of <60 ml/min (p < 0.001).
In addition, while many primary endpoints (31%) in the summaries were measured against objective performance criteria, far fewer endpoints (12%) were held to these criteria in the published literature.
In total, 450 FEWs at midterm and 556 FEWs at endpoint were included in this analysis.
This "noise" emerged as spikes in a few automated endpoints, with meandering most prominently affected.
To date, few surrogate endpoints have been validated in digestive oncology.
