The use of fruit hulls so far focuses on applications such as fertilizer and substrate for co-firing installations or for biogas production [1, 3, 4, 8].
Additionally, other alternatives for the reuse of the carrot bagasse could be its utilization as soil fertilizer or as substrate for composting.
In line with a previous study on fish which showed that buccal-fertilizing cichlids having shorter sperm than substrate fertilizers [ 43], this suggests that the locomotor ability of sperm needs to be higher in lotic sites than in lentic sites.
Fertilizer: Fertilize "weakly, weekly".
This by-product is also rich in Ca and P. The relatively higher amount of CP in MSWS (12.9 vs. 2.30 % in initial straw) could be due to addition of nitrogenous fertilizers to the substrate and increase in microbial and fungal biomass during the fermentation process (Konko et al. 2001; Kaul and Dhar 2007).
Those which were referred to most in the context of operating their biogas plant comprise substrates, soil fertility, organic fertilizer, and energy carriers.
Nevertheless, high substrate and fertilizer input requirements as well as harvesting and oil extraction costs have been found to play a significant role in both the economic viability and sustainability of microalgal biofuels production (Pittman et al., 2011).
Tomato plants watered with inorganic fertilizer and grown in substrates replaced with 0 and 5 % dewatered aquaculture effluent had greater LDM, RDM, and TDM compared to plants watered with municipal water.
The vitamin C-substrate straight fertilizer developed here, AGH-Ringer, has chelated minerals that easily move from root to leaves and had no sedimentation even when stored a long time after it was dissolved (Tables 1, 2, Fig. 1).
One such use of the P-saturated substrate is as fertilizer and/or soil conditioner in agriculture, as suggested by Johansson (1998).
