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High yielding cultivars require maximum fertilizers which led to the decline in soil fertility, nutrient use efficiency, plant available micronutrient and hampered the farming systems, and food availability in developing countries (Cakmak 2008; Jones and Healey 2010).
We also assessed soil fertility, nutrient status and leaf anatomy.
At the same time, agriculture relies on ecosystem functions and services and on biodiversity, including pollination, biological pest control, maintenance of soil structure and fertility, nutrient cycling, and hydrological services [115].
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Various factors, especially land use pattern and climate change, further affect the soil fertility and nutrient contents.
Study of microbial biomass in such an ecosystem may give insights into the role of microbes in soil fertility and nutrient cycling.
Several studies point to the benefits of the compost addition over edaphic chemical properties, increasing buffer capacity and cationic interchange capacity (CIC), with the associated increase in soil fertility and nutrient supply, particularly N, P, K, Ca and Fe (Bruun et al. 2006; Kowaljow and Mazzarino 2007).
The PCAST report notes that "groups of organisms likely to be most important in ecological terms, such as species that determine soil fertility, promote nutrient cycling, or consume wastes... are among the least familiar and least visible e.g., fungi, nematodes, mites, insects, and bacteria.
In east Africa, where many farmers cannot afford inorganic fertiliser, trees can be an incredible resource in restoring soil's fertility and nutrients.
Various studies suggest that LUE varies with factors such as forest stand age, species composition, soil fertility, foliar nutrients, drought, radiation, phenological stage, climatic condition, temperature, and others [3, 16, 29, 49, 59].
Moreover, leaves with high ratios of leaf mass/body mass may have further ecological significance in harsh environments; for example, most leaves will fall and decompose to increase soil fertility in nutrient-poor soil [58].
Various studies suggest that LUE varies with factors such as forest stand age, species composition, soil fertility, foliar nutrients, drought, radiation, phenological stage, climatic condition, temperature, and others [ 3, 16, 29, 49, 59].
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