The results confirm that the change in land use is determinant in the current fertility and evolution of the soils.
Our analysis shows that old-age male fertility allows evolution to breach Hamilton's wall of death and predicts a gradual rise in mortality after the age of female menopause without relying on "grandmother" effects or economic optimality.
Barnard College has named as its next president Debora L. Spar, a Harvard Business School professor who has written about the economics of the human fertility industry and the evolution of the Internet but has not previously been affiliated with a women's college.
Yet despite the potentially huge importance of fertility signals in the evolution and maintenance of eusociality, many questions remain.
As such, we suggest that it may in part be variation in male competitive regimes that leads to the evolution of fertility signalling systems of different reliability.
There are two noticeable aspects to the evolution of fertility patterns in eastern Germany following the unification of the country in 1990.
Our suggestion that comparative variation in male competitive regimes may be linked to the evolution of fertility signalling systems of different reliability provides testable predictions for other species.
After 50 generations of experimental evolution, however, fertility rates and tail morphology have recovered in some populations to near wild-type levels, suggesting that selection has favored compensatory alleles suppressing these deleterious mutant phenotypes.
Because male flowers reward biotic pollinators with both pollen and nectar, while females only produce nectar, some biotic pollinators might discriminate against female flowers, resulting in reduced female fertility and favoring the evolution of wind pollination or pollination by less-discriminating pollinators [ 44, 45].
In Chapter VIII of The Genetical Theory, 'Man and Society, Fisherr discusses the evolution of fertility, recalling how Leonard Darwin, taking the parasitic cuckoo as his example, had in his book introduced the concept of parental expenditure on the young in this connection (also used by Fisher when discussing natural selection and the sex-ratio in Chapter VI).
