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Among fertile species, A. bradleyi most closely resembles its parent species A. montanum.
However, only in two of the five fertile species outside the Adalia genus (A. novemdecimpunctata and E. quadripustulatus) did all offspring inherit the bacterium.
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We surveyed 18 sexual heterothallic and self-fertile species and 16 asexual species.
In other species, 2 genetically-identical nuclei can fuse and undergo meiosis; these self-fertile species are called homothallic.
In contrast, homothallic (self-fertile) species may contain one or more MAT loci within the same genome rather than dissimilar idiomorphs (33, 34).
Some degree of outcrossing in self-fertile species can be sufficient to stop deleterious mutation accumulation from Muller's ratchet [ 11, 29].
For self-fertile species (B. napus, B. juncea), we evaluated the impact of herbicide treatments on reproduction by measuring the proportion of successful siliques vs. unsuccessful siliques.
In addition, a likely functional SRK sequence (CruSRK) from the newly-evolved self-fertile species Capsella rubella is also included [ 35].
In MA line studies, organisms are bottlenecked to one (for self-fertile species) or two (for obligate outcrossing species) individuals across many generations to allow for the essentially neutral accumulation of mutations over time.
In closely related, inter-fertile species, genetic analysis can reveal the mutations that account for functional differences, but not their temporal order, and even this level of detail cannot be achieved in more distantly related species.
Based on a recent phylogenetic study of the genus Pseudogymnoascus (Minnis and Lindner 2013), we selected two unnamed homothallic (self-fertile) species that produce sexual structures (gymnothecia) in culture and are relatively closely related to P. destructans as exemplars for understanding the mating-type locus in Pseudogymnoascus.
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