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Male rodents are preferred in many studies evaluating toxicological or pharmacologic response in vivo due to adult female variability in response during estrous cycle [ 45].
To test the assumption of inherently greater female variability, we analyzed 293 microarray datasets measuring gene expression in various tissues of mice and humans, comprising analysis of more than 5 million probes.
While phenotypic heterogeneity was observed in both males and females, female variability among the lines was greater (Additional file 1: Figure S1).> -wrap-foot> THeritabilityity (H), sex, and age effects and their respective significance (given as log P = -log10(P value)).
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In female salmon, variability in size and age tends to be smaller than in males, and studies suggest that large body size may increase their reproductive success [ 24, 32- 42].
Although mean survival rates of motoneurons did not differ between males and females, the variability obtained in the F2 cohort tended to be greater in females and linkage to Vra1 and Vra2 was weaker.
Interestingly, there is more female-specific variability for both cis and trans variation, implying that standing regulatory variation differs fundamentally between the sexes.
In terms of female-biased variability however, it is important to note that these relationships have not been confirmed through direct investigation of variation in female transcription between genotypes, something we aim to address in the current study.
Furthermore, it has been theoretically demonstrated that male and mutual mate choice can evolve in a wide range of circumstances [ 7- 9], especially when females are encountered simultaneously (rather than sequentially), when there is variability in female fertility [ 3] or when females prefer males that court intensively [ 10].
Conversely, females show high variability in weight at first maturity and no clear relationship between total weight and maturity stage.
Off Moorea, individual older females mate and give birth at a consistent time every year, often to within a week's precision, whereas younger females exhibit more variability in their timing.
One other possibility is that harm persists because interactions between male-female genotypes generate variability in the damage inflicted, rendering selection against single male genotypes ineffective.
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