The female establishes a territory and defends it against intrusion by other female cuckoos.
They see it more present in their lives via programs and symbolically through an impressive list of goodwill ambassadors, male and new female, established and rising stars, or more accurately Diplomat Artists.
Pilot testing prior to the experiment (N = 8, 50% female) established reliability curves for all faces in the set; from these we selected the three faces (EM, JJ, PE; all male) that, without olfactory stimuli, most reliably produced classically-psychometric responses along morph levels.
Females establish overlapping home ranges, and female offspring may inherit land from their mothers.
Males are territorial, and guard females, while the females establish their own dominance hierarchies.
Males and females establish separate, overlapping ranges, typically 10 15 ha, the male's typically larger than the female's.
Sexually antagonistic alleles that are advantageous to males but detrimental to females establish polymorphic equilibria when tightly, but not completely, linked with a male-determining locus [26].
Males and females establish a pair bond prior to spawning monogamously, but as brood care is strictly maternal, female investment in reproduction is high and the operational sex ratio is male-biased.
The peculiar mating system of Tropheus can be described as 'serial monogamy': Males and females establish temporary pair bonds in the males' territories prior to spawning, upon which the females abandon their mates and mouthbrood their eggs and fry by themselves (Yanagisawa & Nishida, 1991).
However, whereas the average directionality (figures 3A, 4) would suggest a highly tuned directionality for 4.5 kHz, we found a high variation in the population of females regarding the BF of directional tuning, so that some females established largest IIDs at 4 kHz, others at 5.1 kHz.
