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Conflicts over access fees existed even before the AT&T breakup in 1984.
User fees existed in Zimbabwe from independence.
In Zimbabwe, fees existed at independence, but the exemption system effectively qualified most families for free health care until the mid-1990s when similar pressures emerged and user fees increased and became more widely applied.
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But different types of fees exist.
According to Dwolla CEO, Ben Milne, the reason why high fees exist in credit card networks has to do with legacy issues – the hardware, the infrastructure, and the resources needed to fight the rampant fraud associated with having your 16-digit card number just out there in the world, everywhere.
The majority of children affected by HIV are of school-going age and live in countries where education is not compulsory and school fees exist (Boerma, Urassa, Senkoro, Klokke, & Ngẃeshemi, 1999; UNAIDS, UNICEF, & USAID, 2004).
These catastrophic expenditures would lead to the further impoverishment of the poorest households: " Where user fees exist, those who struggle to pay can be pushed further into poverty or debt" (p.1) [ 61].
Before the reverse-breakup fee existed, if a firm broke its deal, its reputation would take a big hit.
In the majority of cases, affiliates were those members who elected not to pay a membership fee in HIECs where such a fee existed, but still wanted to participate in HIEC activities.
Let's put aside the question "should the fee exist in the first place?" since, well, it does exist, and its existence isn't up for debate right now.
But this is why the licence fee exists.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com