At some colleges, speaking fees come from alumni gifts earmarked for that purpose.
Mr. Rendell said he had been told that his fees came from Iranian-American supporters of the M.E.K., not from the group itself.
A significant chunk of the four firms' British audit and advisory fees came from FTSE100 and FTSE250 companies, most of which are multinationals with exposure to European markets.
Although Congressional rules generally bar members from earning outside income, the fees came from cases Mr. Blagojevich had worked on before he was elected.
For instance, the company ceased disclosing in 2001 how much of its guarantee fees came from securities retained in its portfolio.
The single biggest part of the fees came from the Connecticut Housing Finance Authority, which has paid the firm a total of $247,984 to handle single-family foreclosures on its behalf.
In future, seed funding for technology firms is likely to come from "angel investors", typically rich people looking for diversification, rather than institutions.Investment bankers have seen an increasing share of their fees come from private-equity deals.
There were phone calls from agents, who said all their fees came from the insurers; still, in their infinite generosity they had figured out exactly which plan was right for me.
Bill Hall, the federation's executive director, said that more than half of its revenue was from memberships and that last year, for the first time, more than half of those fees came from younger members.
A 2005 internal HMRC study concluded that 50% of the big four's tax fees came from "commercial tax planning" and "artificial avoidance schemes", suggesting they bring in around £1bn a year in total.
