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Biodiesel is synthesized via the transesterification of lipid feedstocks with low molecular weight alcohols.
These catalysts require anhydrous conditions and feedstocks with low levels of free fatty acids (FFAs).
Maize stover and sugar beet were identified as feedstocks with low emissions in all studies.
Economical and large-volume production of commodity biofuels requires the utilization of feedstocks with low value (therefore low cost) and sustainably producible in large quantities, such as forest residues.
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Another disadvantage is the downdraft gasifiers only suitable for feedstock with low moisture content.
However, drawbacks such as grate blocking, channeling, and bridging are found in the downdraft gasifiers, typically for feedstock with low bulk density.
Finally, it was demonstrated that the improvement of the homogeneity of the films could be attained by using a minimal flow rate of the feedstock with low aluminum concentration.
2) In case of base-catalyzed transesterification, the biodiesel yield was found to increase up to the reaction temperature of 60 65 °C. 3) Homogeneous alkaline catalyst (NaOH, KOH, CH3ONa) was preferred for the feedstock with low free fatty acid content (<1 wt%).
However, for feedstock with low moisture content, such as crop straw and municipal sludge, dry anaerobic digestion (D-AD) is a better choice because of low consumption of water, small reactor requirement and high volumetric methane production (Guendouz et al. 2010; Brown and Li 2013).
Feedstock with low lignin (<20%) content was desirable for maximum hydrolysis yield.
A biomass feedstock with low energy density is less energy efficient to convert into a biofuel than one with a higher energy density due to the relatively high energy required for transportation, storage and distribution of the feedstock from the field to the biorefinery gate [ 17, 43, 44].
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