The production of biodiesel is carried out through transesterification reaction using edible oil feedstocks, which is not feasible for developing countries.
The recycling of PET is also an important concept with regard to the awareness of environmental concerns and conservation of scarce energy and feedstocks, which is related to national economy.
When used in combination with environmentally sound production and processing techniques across the whole biomass production chain, i.e., from cultivation and harvest, its (pre treatment and conversion to products, the use of biomass is considered a sustainable alternative to conventional feedstocks, which is reflected by sound economic advantages in both raw material and investment costs.
However, different feedstocks which were tested in this study had distinct physico-chemical characteristics such as moisture, pH and EC in addition to C N ratio.
The process uses two moulding feedstocks which are injected into a mould sequentially, so that one feedstock forms the surface layer of the component and the other forms the core.
Lignocellulosic feedstocks, which are currently under-exploited, can be used for the production of biofuels, such as ethanol, and for biorefinery applications to produce a variety of value-added products.
Here, economic analysis of ABE fermentation has been performed based on cellulosic (bagasse, barley straw, wheat straw, corn stover, and switchgrass) and non-cellulosic (glucose, sugarcane, corn, and sago) feedstocks, which are widely and cheaply available in agriculture based countries.
In this new technology, the borosilicate zeolite catalysts show breakthroughs in activity, selectivity, sulfur-tolerance, and stability in terms of reforming these feedstocks, which are unusually heavy and contaminated for conventional reforming processes.
These samples consisted of feedstocks which were not well represented in number which included samples of poplar, pine, and sugarcane bagasse.
Most of the pyrolysis studies so far have been carried out with cellulosic feedstocks, which are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin [ 29- 31].
These feedstocks, which are being used in second-generation (2G) bioethanol production, are abundant, and their cost is lower than that of food crops [ 9].
