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Commodity markets for grass feedstocks do not exist, and therefore supply chains must be designed for individual biorefineries and bioenergy conversion facilities.
Photosynthetic algae are of increasing interest as a renewable source of biomass for the sustainable production of biofuels [ 3- 5], because algal feedstocks do not directly compete with agriculture, as they require no productive land.
Besides being available in larger quantities than grains, these feedstocks do not impinge on the food and feed market, are more CO2 neutral, and will not interfere with current ethanol production.
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Therefore, the mature compost from these feedstocks did not pose heavy metal toxicity issues.
It was also observed that the mature compost from these feedstocks did not have heavy metals at toxic levels.
Micrometer-structured WC Co feedstocks did not permit coating build up when processed under comparable or elevated thermal spray parameters used for the nanostructured WC Co feedstocks.
In contrast to the hot water pretreated feedstock results, dilute acid pretreated feedstocks did not show a notable difference in aromatic or mono-phenolic acid content between the different types of biomass or microorganisms.
In addition, peach endocarp decomposition took place at two different temperatures (350°C to 400°C and 400°C to 450°C) containing two peaks, whereas the other feedstocks did not show obvious double-peaks.
Growth in engineering thermoplastic recycling has been slow over the past decade because the current technologies based on solid-state re-polymerization of degraded feedstock do not offer a cost advantage over the use of virgin materials.
Microalgal feedstock does not need to be maximized in order to contribute to the decarbonization of the energy and land use sectors.
Cellulosic fermentation for the production of fuels and chemicals has many advantages as cellulose, the main component of plant cell walls, is very abundant in agricultural and forestry waste and this feedstock does not compete with valuable food source (reviewed in Lynd et al. 2008; Rubin 2008).
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