Under the employed HVOF spray conditions, a high proportion of the feedstock wire appeared to have been fully melted prior to impact on the substrate.
However, within the range of pretreatment severities tested, feedstock reactivity appeared to reach a broad maximum of 70 to 80% at the higher combined severities.
In comparison to timber and fruit as tree products from those systems, the option as feedstock for bioenergy appears to be less developed.
In the case of C. thermocellum fermentations of dilute acid pretreated feedstock, the cellulosome and/or free carbohydrolases appear functional, as indicated by high levels of liberated unfermented glucose and cellobiose in the fermentation broth.
The unique feature of the catalytic route reported by Guo et al. is that it starts with cheap methane feedstock and that several of the regular radical pathways appear to be blocked.
For example, it has been found that bacteria grown on renewable carbon feedstock or nitrogen-depleted media shows visible deposits of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) that appear similar to peas in a pod,[ 10] and their morphology has some similarity to the filamentous structures observed in our experiments.
These results suggest that the effect of CS and SR feeding on termite gut lignocellulase composition is minimal and thus, the most abundantly expressed enzymes appear to encode the best candidate catalysts for use in saccharification of these and related second-generation feedstocks.
The technology and business model appear well suited to scale beyond; for instance, the HPS biomass-powered electrical generators can accept other feedstock.
In existing literature, social aspects tend to appear in the form of a checklist of generic and biofuel-specific criteria, notably, impacts of biomass feedstock cultivation and processing on food security, water security, employment generation and rural development, visual and noise-level aspects in a community, legal compliance and social acceptance (e.g., [30], [44]).
Biorefineries appear to be a viable solution to replace traditional fossil fuel refineries, but their implementation requires the exploration of several aspects, including feedstock selection, processing routes, products, harvesting sites, processing and markets, as well as numerous other sustainability criteria.
