This represents the network of feedstock, product and intermediate commodities, process technologies and their respective material and energetic interconnectivity.
High process costs associated with complex feedstocks, product toxicity and low product concentrations are few of the several bioprocess challenges involved in biobutanol production.
For sustainable industrial scale of biobutanol production, a number of obstacles need to be addressed including choice of feedstock, low product yield, product toxicity to strain, multiple end-products and downstream processing of alcohol mixtures plus the metabolic engineering for improvement of fermentation process and products.
Gases like butane, propane and ethane can be extracted from natural gas and these may be used as feedstock for products like fertilizers and pharmaceutical products.
The feedstock and products were divided into ten lumps by reasonably simplifying the reaction network, including heavy oil, diesel oil, gasoline olefins, gasoline aromatics, gasoline saturates, (butane + propane), butylene, propylene, dry gas and coke.
Sensitivity analysis of all the processes was investigated based on variations in the feedstock and products selling price and revealed that the biodiesel selling price and palm oil price were the major effects on the sensitivity of the NPV.
For the purpose of meeting the demand of prediction and analysis on the TMP process, the feedstock and products were divided into ten lumps during model development, including heavy oil, diesel, gasoline olefins, aromatics and saturates), LPG (butane + propane, butylene and propylene), dry gas and coke according to their distillation ranges (see Table 1).
Ricinoleic acid ((9Z,12R -12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid), a hydroxylated fatty acid (HFA), is an important industrial feedstock for products such as lubricants, polyamide 11 (Nylon 11), coatings, inks, surfactants, emulsifiers, and biodiesel.
However, there are still some drawbacks in butanol fermentation in terms of low butanol concentration and productivity, high cost of feedstock and product inhibition, which makes butanol fermentation less competitive than the production of other biofuels.
This is a look at today's Maleic Anhydride (MA) economic picture, in which we discuss the different possible routes to MA, report figures and trends on feedstock and product prices, and capacity and product demand.
