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The first signs of trouble are the telltale feeding marks on rhododendron leaves.
The indirect impact of vertebrate natural enemies of NOW were estimated by counting empty nut shells with feeding marks by wild birds and various mammals, found at the orchard floor.
Birds can use visible feeding marks in leaves or qualitative structural differences among plant individuals as cues to find insect herbivores [14] [17].
Instead, traces of their activity fossilize more often, such as feeding marks on leaves or larval cases.
By contrast, a trace fossil consists of plant damage, a teratology or otherwise herbivore activity caused by a lepidopteran, consisting principally of leaf-mines, other feeding marks, or any product derived from lepidopteran activity, such as larval domicile cases and more rarely, associated frass.
Our analysis indicates that the tracemaker was about 45 cm long; used its caudal, anal, and pelvic fins (the posterior half of its body) to make the swimming traces; and used a ventrally oriented mouth to make overlapping feeding marks.
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For aluminium faced by carbide inserts on precision lathes, insert edge radius (re) rather than feed marks determined Rz at low feeds, with Rz ≈0.02re.
Under water confinement, specimen surfaces appeared in a tarnished, featureless surface texture without showing any feed marks.
A SEM photograph reflects the SiC particulates debonding, fracture, feed marks and smeared layer on machined surface.
The influence of surface roughness on the fatigue performance could be overshadowed by other surface integrity characteristics, since its effect was weakened by the curved feed marks generated on the face-milled surfaces.
In Fig. 4(a), at lower feed (0.05 mm/rev) feed marks become less apparent compared to a higher feed of 0.09 mm/rev (see, Fig. 4(b)).
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