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Visual feedback of movements creates a sense of play and control.
To maximize dependence on proprioceptive information, we used our previously established protocol to severely restrict visual feedback of movements [ 14].
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We also advocate such adaptability of adaptation rates, but the novelty in our study is that we show that these rate changes and the accompanying changes in movement variability and explorative behavior can be understood by structural learning both in the feed-forward and feedback component of movements.
Importantly, because the infants were watching baby doll legs and could not control the visual feedback of their movements, they demonstrated the ability to discriminate contingency independently from movements of their own bodies [ 21].
For instance, in a study by Leube and colleagues [56], subjects were aware of viewing their own movements throughout the experiment and determined whether or not a temporal delay was introduced in the visual feedback of these movements.
Their projections to various premotor and cingulate motor areas have suggested a role in the visual orientation of oneself and one's body (Dean et al. 2004; Dean and Platt 2006), including visual feedback of limb movements (Vogt 2005; Vogt et al. 2006) and predictability of self-generated actions in the human (Blakemore et al. 1998; Vogt et al. 2006).
In our experiment, the participants observed the visual feedback of their movement on a LCD monitor and performed the movement using their unseen hand under the monitor.
During this stage subjects were asked to concentrate their attention on the virtual hand in order to receive visual feedback of their movement in real time.
In experiment 1 (same task, different environment), the feedback of the movement in the interference block was rotated counterclockwise by 20° relative to baseline (see Figure 3).
In experiment 3 (different task different environment), the feedback of the movement in the interference block was rotated counterclockwise by 20° relative to baseline.
In the interference block, the target was still kept at 20° and the feedback of the movement was rotated counterclockwise 20°.
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