We analyzed the phenotypic properties of the BBA64-deficient strain within the tick and found that the mutant was not defective in replication or migration into the salivary glands as the nymph fed (Figures 2 & 3).
The high-KAA diet also normalized plasma VLDL-triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol elevations caused by HFD feeding (Figure 3B).
KRAP−/− mice also displayed excellent glucose tolerance and peripheral insulin action during HFD feeding (Figure 3G, 3H).
The D1 receptor transcript in the synganglia was significantly increased (7-fold) in the 1st day of feeding (Figure 3A, 4).
WT and bba64 mutant spirochetes were visualized in the nymphal midguts at all time points (48, 57, 72 h, and repletion) throughout the feeding (Figure 3).
Finally, ubiquitinated protein levels, when measured in the fasted state, were similar between groups and were unchanged by leucine feeding (Figure 4D).
Phosphorylated eEF2Thr56 in muscle was ∼40% less (P<0.05) in women than in men both during postabsorptive conditions and feeding (Figure 2); there was a tendency for a decrease in the phosphorylation of eEF2Thr56 in both sexes with feeding (Figure 2) but this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.103).
Gene expression analysis of the liver and of the white adipose tissue, taken two hours after feeding began, revealed that Nocturnin expression levels remained unchanged from the ad libitum and fasted controls, and were not induced by feeding (Figure 1C).
The peptide frequency of SND1 was similar in protein samples from unfed and fed mosquitoes, even though EM analysis revealed that the majority of RER whorl unwinding had already occurred by 30 min post amino acid feeding (Figure 1C).
We also compared the body composition of knockout and wild-type mice measured by qNMR at two time-points, before and after HFD feeding (Figure 4 and Table S12).
Similar ∼50% reductions in the frequency of mature Aire+ mTECs were also observed in TetO-Dkk1 mice when compared with ST controls in response to Dox feeding (Figure 9C).
