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Therefore, it is unlikely the surface features of the question itself are triggering these unusual ideas in student thinking in any consistent way.
But throughout our work with the photosynthesis question, we encountered several instances of students including species-specific ideas in their responses, which raised concerns that the scientific content of their responses was influenced by these surface features of the question.
We investigated how student written responses to constructed-response questions about photosynthesis vary based on two surface features of the question: the species of plant and the order of two question prompts.
12 19 Important features of the question design arising from the developmental work was the requirement for proof from the target population that the intended behaviour had been achieved (ie, smoking cessation), due to concerns around gaming influencing the acceptability.
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Third, the reverse combination operation is applied to the extracted features of the questioned digital content with verification attributes, so a scrambled watermark is obtained.
While numerous studies have established the structural features of CuA, the question of how copper ions are delivered into the CuA sites in vivo is still poorly understood.
This similarity adds another interesting feature to the question of Kv TRP structure function similarities, as it is still unclear if the similar topology of voltage-gated channels and TRP channels has functional significance.
This project investigated the effects on student responses of changing two surface features of the photosynthesis question: the plant species and the order of prompts.
This approach is not based on summated scores but involves evaluating information about different designs or conduct features of the research question to ensure a more balanced judgement of each domain of potential bias.
However, in Experiment 2 we coded one additional feature of this question: whether the participant exclusively suggested increasing the police force.
We'll be featuring some of the questions and answers above the line as the Q&A goes on.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com