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A basic feature in the frequency domain is the spectral entropy begin{array}{*{20}l} H ell) = -sum_{k=0}^{K-1} tilde{Phi}_{xx} k,ell) cdot logleft tilde{Phi}_{xx} k,ell) right) end{array} (17).
In our model, the spectrogram feature extracted from each single HRRP is viewed as a d-dimensional sequence (d is the length of spectrogram feature in the frequency dimension), thus only a single HRRP sample is required for the classification phase rather than an aspect-dependent sequence.
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Sub-synchronous nonlinear features in the frequency domain have been identified and studied as a method of aiding the localization of unbalance faults, particularly in situations where sensor placement options are limited.
Fluctuations of loops that contain critical neutralizing epitopes (especially FG loop) were quantified via root-mean-square fluctuation and features in the frequency spectrum of dynamic changes in loop conformation.
A noticeable difference was found in the amplitude of the studies' features in the frequency domain and these results show the strength of the signal processing to try to differentiate buried materials using GPR, and so can be used in urban planning and geotechnical studies.
The repetition pattern of the peaks at different harmonics represents the faults features in the frequency domain.
Fig. 6 shows the Raman features in the frequency range corresponding to ν 1 for source HAP powder and coatings.
Recent noise measurements and models incorporated into the IEEE P1901.2 have provided much insight into the noise features in the frequency band above 100 kHz [15].
For features in the frequency domain, a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) was applied to the frames x, resulting into K=257 spectral bins X k,ℓ).
In order to better visualize the features in the frequency domain, the inverse of the power spectrum is calculated.
For example for the dataset shown in Figure 3 (hem 1) 22 features were used to reach maximal classification accuracy (for power), the position of these features in the frequency spectrum however depends on the input order to the classifier (see methods).
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